Directive prohibition utterances with honorific politeness used by families in Makassarese community: An ethnolinguistic study Tuturan larangan direktif dengan kesantunan honorifik yang digunakan oleh keluarga masyarakat Makassar: Kajian etnolinguistik
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Abstract
Different ways are used in delivering prohibition utterances in a particular society. This research is important because it reveals social value, honor, and philosophical value reflected in prohibition utterances applied by families in Makassar society through an ethnolinguistic lens. Therefore, this research aims to find strategies to convey directive prohibition utterances with honorific politeness, philosophical reflected shown in prohibition utterances with honorific politeness strategies, and the pattern of directive prohibition utterances with honorific politeness strategies in the Makassar community families. An ethnolinguistic approach is used because the way Makassarese people speak is shaped by ethnic and customary values. This research applies qualitative research method. Data sources are utterances and field note results obtained from three families with Makassar ethnic background who live in Makassar city. To collect data, the researcher stayed in their homes. The results show that direct prohibition utterances are used more dominantly than indirect prohibition in family conversations in Makassar society. It indicates that the Makassar community tends to prioritize positive politeness, show closeness in relationships, and convey messages clearly and unambiguously. Those directive prohibition utterances contain philosophical values, namely honesty, firmness, clarity, spontaneity, affection, respect, and maintenance of harmonious relationships.
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Nashruddin, N., Syam, U. K., Waliyudin, W., & Fitrawahyudi, F. (2025). Directive prohibition utterances with honorific politeness used by families in Makassarese community: An ethnolinguistic study. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 8(3), 651-664. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v8i3.1299
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Bambara, L. M., Cole, C. L., Telesford, A., Bauer, K., Bilgili-Karabacak, I., Weir, A., & Thomas, A. (2021). Using peer supports to encourage adolescents with autism spectrum disorder to show interest in their conversation partners. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(2), 4845–4860. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00150
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de Pablos-Ortega, C. (2020). Directive speech acts in English and Spanish filmspeak. Pragmática Sociocultural/Sociocultural Pragmatics, 8(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2020-0001
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Dingley, J., & Catterall, P. (2019). Language, religion and ethno-national identity: The role of knowledge, culture and communication. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(2), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1587309
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Fleming, L. (2023). Dispensing with Europe: A comparative linguistic anthropology of honorific pronouns. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 33(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12386
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Grossmann, K., & Trubina, E. (2022). Dignity in urban geography: Starting a conversation. Dialogues in Human Geography, 12(3), 406–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/20438206221075697
Gullifer, J. W., & Titone, D. (2020). Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(2), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000026
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Harris, D. W. (2022). Imperative inference and practical rationality. Philosophical Studies, 179(4), 1065–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-021-01687-0
Haugh, M. (2015). Impoliteness and taking offence in initial interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 86(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.05.018
Haugh, M. (2021). Discourse and politeness: The Bloomsbury handbook of discourse analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Hodge, G., & Goico, S. A. (2022). Natural and elicited: Sign language corpus linguistics and linguistic ethnography as complementary methodologies. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 26(1), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12523
Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Person Education.
Hymes, D. (1980). Language in education: Ethnolinguistic essays. Language and Ethnography Series. Center for Applied Linguistics.
Idemaru, K., Winter, B., & Brown, L. (2019). Cross-cultural multimodal politeness: The phonetics of Japanese deferential speech in comparison to Korean. Intercultural Pragmatics, 16(5), 517–555. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2019-0027
Johnson, D. C. (2023). Critical empirical approaches in language policy and planning. In M. Gazzola, F. Gobbo, D. C. Johnson, & J. A. L. d. León (Eds.), Epistemological and theoretical foundations in language policy and planning (pp. 15–40). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22315-0_2
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Kim, H. J. (2020). Politeness and multimodality in Korean and Japanese. University of Oregon. https://doi.org/b6e39930-76bb-421b-9af1-5bbafd3d57bd/download
Kone, N. (2020). Speech acts in UN treaties: A pragmatic perspective. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 10(6), 813–827. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2020.106051
Kuyler, A., Johnson, E., & Bornman, J. (2022). Unaided communication behaviours displayed by adults with severe cerebrovascular accidents and little or no functional speech: A scoping review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 57(2), 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12691
Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford University Press.
Marizal, Y., Sayhrul, R., & Tressyalina, T. (2021). Tindak tutur direktif guru dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di SMA Negeri 2 Gunung Talang. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 4(4), 441–452. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i4.2
Mills, S., & Kádár, D. Z. (2011). Politeness and culture. In D. Z. Kádár & S. Mills (Eds.), Politeness in East Asia (pp. 21–44). Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, N., & Haugh, M. (2015). Agency, accountability and evaluations of impoliteness. Journal of Politeness Research, 11(2), 207–238. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0009
Nashruddin, N., Alam, F. A., & Harun, A. (2020). Moral values found in linguistic politeness patterns of Bugis society. Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan, 4(1), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v4i1.340
Okrent, D. (2010). Last call: The rise and fall of prohibition. Simon and Schuster.
Olko, J., Lubiewska, K., Maryniak, J., Haimovich, G., de la Cruz, E., Bautista, B. C., Dexter-Sobkowiak, E., & Tepec, H. I. (2022). The positive relationship between Indigenous language use and community-based well-being in four Nahua ethnic groups in Mexico. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 28(1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000479
Pramesti, P. D. M. Y. (2020). Direct speech acts, face threatening towards the elderly and politeness in the speeches of Indonesian careworkers. IJOLIDA, 1, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.52232/ijolida.v1i2.24
Qian, C. (2023). Research on the impact of honorifics in Japanese on social relationships. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 6(24), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.25236/AJHSS.2023.062414
Ramabrahmam, V. (2020). Role of language in identity formation: An analysis of influence of Sanskrit on identity formation. In O. Prakash & R. Kumar (Eds.), Linguistic foundations of identity (pp. 289–303). Routledge.
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