Strategi linguistik dalam kritik politik: Analisis wacana kritis bahasa kiasan pada stand-up comedy Indonesia Linguistic strategies in political criticism: A critical discourse analysis of figurative language in Indonesian stand-up comedy
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the role of humor, particularly in the form of stand-up comedy, as a medium of socio-political critique in Indonesia. The research data consist of thirteen excerpts from stand-up comedy monologues, analyzed using Critical Discourse Analysis with Fairclough’s model, which includes textual, discursive, and socio-cultural analysis. The study focuses on the use of figurative language such as metaphor, irony, paradox, and satire as discursive strategies to uncover hidden power relations embedded in political practices. The findings reveal that representations of professions such as foremen, laborers, project supervisors, and canteen workers are transformed into symbols that reflect structures of power, practices of nepotism, patronage, and injustices within the political system. Humor is shown to effectively expose serious issues such as political dynasties, structural inequalities, the erosion of meritocratic principles, and moral hypocrisy, presented in a manner that is light yet incisive.The stand-up comedy functions not only as entertainment but also as a counter-discourse that provides a safe, inclusive, and reflective space for society to critique political realities. The study concludes that humor plays a significant role in strengthening public awareness and can be regarded as a form of symbolic resistance against the status quo in contemporary democracy.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Ibrahim, I., Absri, A., & Rahmadani, W. (2025). Strategi linguistik dalam kritik politik: Analisis wacana kritis bahasa kiasan pada stand-up comedy Indonesia. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 8(3), 851-870. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v8i3.1438
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Every work in Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalthat allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
Al Arief, Y. (2023). Politeness in roasting: When humour meets power. Journal of Linguistics, Culture and Communication, 1(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.61320/jolcc.v1i1.67-78
Anderson, J., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, J., Nelson, J. C., Bresnahan, M. J., & Yan, X. (2017). Metaphors that communicate weight-based stigma in political news: A case study of New Jersey Governor Chris Christie. European Review of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2016.12.007
Ariesta, W., Qoyyimah, A. L. N., & Markhamah, M. (2021). Pergeseran bahasa baku: Ragam bahasa elitis dalam akun Instagram humor Recehku. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 4(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i3.159
Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7
Beck, D. (2024). Humorous parodies of popular culture as strategy in Boris Johnson’s populist communication. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 26(3), 830–847. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231174165
Beck, D. (2024). Parody, popular culture and the politics of statecraft: Analysing the intersection of international relations and parodic humour [Doctoral dissertation, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg]. https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/118436/1/Beck%2C%20Daniel_Dissertation_2024.pdf
Boeynaems, A., Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2017). The effects of metaphorical framing on political persuasion: A systematic literature review. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(2), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2017.1297623
Boykoff, M., & Osnes, B. (2019). A laughing matter? Confronting climate change through humor. Political Geography, 68, 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.09.006
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., & Vis, B. (2019). Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: A meta-analysis. Language and Cognition, 11(1), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.5
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., & Konijn, E. A. (2021). From The Daily Show to Last Week Tonight: A quantitative analysis of discursive integration in satirical television news. Journalism Studies, 22(9), 1181–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1929416
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., & Konijn, E. A. (2023). Humor in satirical news headlines: Analyzing humor form and content, and their relations with audience engagement. Mass Communication and Society, 26(6), 963–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2144747
Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2016). Figurative framing: Shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Communication Theory, 26(4), 410–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12096
Burgos, M., Politico, J., & Vergara, M. (2025). The use of humor, irony, and metaphors in everyday communication: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0610
Charteris-Black, J. (2009). Metaphor and political communication. In Metaphor and discourse (pp. 97–115). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594647_7
Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Metaphor in political discourse. In Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor (pp. 28–51). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230319899_2
Davis, J. L., Love, T. P., & Killen, G. (2018). Seriously funny: The political work of humor on social media. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3898–3916. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818762602
Droog, E., & Burgers, C. (2023). Metaphorical humor in satirical news shows: A content analysis. Metaphor and Symbol, 38(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2022.2160252
Droog, E., Burgers, C., & Steen, G. J. (2020). How satirists alternate between discursive modes: An introduction of the humoristic metaphors in satirical news (HMSN) typology. International Journal of Communication, 14.
Dugalich, N. M. (2018). Political cartoon as a genre of political discourse. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, 9(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2018-9-1-158-172
Fairclough, N. (2023). Critical discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 11–22). Routledge.
Forceville, C. (2024). Identifying and interpreting visual metaphors in political cartoons. Metaphor in Socio-Political Contexts: Current Crises, 54, 255. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111001364
Frosh, P. (2011). Framing pictures, picturing frames: Visual metaphors in political communications research. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 35(2), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859911410242
Fubara, S. J. (2020). A pragmatic analysis of the discourse of humour and irony in selected memes on social media. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 2(2), 76–95. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i2.281
Hellmann, O. (2023). Animated satire and collective memory: Reflecting on the American “history wars” with The Simpsons. HUMOR, 36(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2022-0131
Kfrerer, M. L., Bell, E., & Schermer, J. A. (2021). The politics of being funny: Humor styles, trait humorousness, and political orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 182, 111073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111073
Lee, H., & Kwak, N. (2016). The affect effect of political satire: Sarcastic humor, negative emotions, and political participation. In Entertainment media and politics (pp. 5–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.891133
Leymann, S., Lentz, T. O., & Burgers, C. (2022). Prosodic markers of satirical imitation. Humor, 35(4), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2021-0138
Mammadov, A., & Mammadov, M. (2014). The role of figurative language in political discourse. Stud. lang. cult. soc, 3, 113–127.
Mio, J. S. (2018). Metaphor, politics, and persuasion. In Metaphor (pp. 127–146). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789316-8
Mudiawati, R. C., Hudiyono, Y., & Suhatmady, B. (2023). Analisis wacana kritis Norman Fairclough terhadap bahasa slogan aksi demonstrasi guru di Samarinda. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(3), 739–762. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i3.694
Mushtaq, S., Sadia, H., & Baig, F. (2025). Between humor and harm: Political memes and their effects on youth’s political efficacy. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/2v62k225
Musolff, A. (2017). Metaphor, irony and sarcasm in public discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 109, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.12.010
Musolff, A. (2021). Hyperbole and emotionalisation: Escalation of pragmatic effects of proverb and metaphor in the “Brexit” debate. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 25(3), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-628-644
Musolff, A. (2022). “World-beating” pandemic responses: Ironical, sarcastic, and satirical use of war and competition metaphors in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metaphor and Symbol, 37(2), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932505
Pardede, P., Rasyid, Y., & Anwar, M. (2023). Manipulasi linguistik sebagai instrumen politik dalam Animal Farm: Sebuah analisis wacana kritis. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(2), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i2.605
Pettersson, K., Martikainen, J., Hakoköngäs, E., & Sakki, I. (2023). Female politicians as climate fools: Intertextual and multimodal constructions of misogyny disguised as humor in political communication. Political Psychology, 44(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12814
Piata, A. (2016). When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal of Pragmatics, 106, 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.10.003
Pinar-Sanz, M. J. (2020). Humour and intertextuality in Steve Bell’s political cartoons. The European Journal of Humour Research, 8(3), 16–39. https://doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2020.8.3.pinar-sanz
Putri, M. W., Oktoma, E., & Nursyamsu, R. (2016). Figurative language in English stand-up comedy. English Review: Journal of English Education, 5(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.25134/ERJEE.V5I1.396
Risnawati, E., Gunawan, W., Fatinova, D., & Mubarok, Y. (2024). Humor discourse structure: A political communication strategy. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 9(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v9i1.23968
Rosita, F. Y., & Hastuti, D. P. (2025). Representasi perempuan dalam film Like & Share: Analisis wacana kritis Sara Mills. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 8(3), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v8i3.1275
Ross, A. S. (2020). Discursive delegitimisation in metaphorical #secondcivilwarletters: An analysis of a collective Twitter hashtag response. Critical Discourse Studies, 17(5), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1661861
Salsabila, B. V., & Simatupang, E. C. (2021). Satir on the political meme of President Donald Trump: A semantic. English Journal Literacy Utama, 5(1), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.33197/ejlutama.vol5.iss2.2021.137
Schoor, C. (2015). Political metaphor, a matter of purposeful style: On the rational, emotional and strategic purposes of political metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 5(1), 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.5.1.05sch
Sedgwick, C. (2024). Comedy, diversity and the hegemonic comedian. In Inequality in contemporary stand-up comedy in the UK (pp. 27–42). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55932-7_2
Senkbeil, K. (2017). Figurative language in intercultural communication–A case study of German-Southern African international academic discourse. Intercultural Pragmatics, 14(4), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2017-0022
Shao, L., & Liu, D. (2019). The road to cynicism: The political consequences of online satire exposure in China. Political Studies, 67(2), 517–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718791373
Silaški, N., & Đurović, T. (2019). The journey metaphor in Brexit-related political cartoons. Discourse, Context & Media, 31, 100318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100318
Skalicky, S. (2019). Investigating satirical discourse processing and comprehension: The role of cognitive, demographic, and pragmatic features. Language and Cognition, 11(3), 499–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.30
Sujoko, A. (2020). Satirical political communication 2019 Indonesia’s presidential election on social media. Informasi, 50(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v50i1.30174
Sunarso, S., Setiawan, B., & Anjani, N. P. P. S. (2022). The political satire of Mojok. co in the 2019 Indonesian election. Heliyon, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10018
Tameryan, T. Y., Zheltukhina, M. R., Slyshkin, G. G., Abakumova, O. B., Volskaya, N. N., & Nikolaeva, A. V. (2018). Metaphor in political media discourse: Mental political leader portrait. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 8(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.12973/ojcmt/3958
Tolulope Abisodun Oluremi. (2019). Pragmeme of political humour in selected Nigerian political cartoons. Journal of Language and Education, 5(4), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2019.9682
Toscano, G. B., & Fernández-Villanueva, C. (2025). “Funny weapons”: The norms of humour in the construction of far-right political polarisation. Social Inclusion, 13. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.10211
Weitzel, L., Prati, R. C., & Aguiar, R. F. (2016). The comprehension of figurative language: What is the influence of irony and sarcasm on NLP techniques? In Sentiment analysis and ontology engineering: An environment of computational intelligence (pp. 49–74). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30319-2_3
Yap, F. H., Chan, A. S. L., & Wai, B. L. M. (2017). Constructing political identities through characterization metaphor, humor and sarcasm: An analysis of the 2012 Legislative Council Election Debates in Hong Kong. In Not just a laughing matter: Interdisciplinary approaches to political humor in China (pp. 147–167). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4960-6_9
Young, D. G., Bagozzi, B. E., Goldring, A., Poulsen, S., & Drouin, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal?. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000157
Zappavigna, M. (2022). Social media quotation practices and ambient affiliation: Weaponising ironic quotation for humorous ridicule in political discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 191, 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.12.003
Anderson, J., Zhu, Y., Zhuang, J., Nelson, J. C., Bresnahan, M. J., & Yan, X. (2017). Metaphors that communicate weight-based stigma in political news: A case study of New Jersey Governor Chris Christie. European Review of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2016.12.007
Ariesta, W., Qoyyimah, A. L. N., & Markhamah, M. (2021). Pergeseran bahasa baku: Ragam bahasa elitis dalam akun Instagram humor Recehku. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 4(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i3.159
Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7
Beck, D. (2024). Humorous parodies of popular culture as strategy in Boris Johnson’s populist communication. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 26(3), 830–847. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231174165
Beck, D. (2024). Parody, popular culture and the politics of statecraft: Analysing the intersection of international relations and parodic humour [Doctoral dissertation, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg]. https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/118436/1/Beck%2C%20Daniel_Dissertation_2024.pdf
Boeynaems, A., Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2017). The effects of metaphorical framing on political persuasion: A systematic literature review. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(2), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2017.1297623
Boykoff, M., & Osnes, B. (2019). A laughing matter? Confronting climate change through humor. Political Geography, 68, 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.09.006
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., & Vis, B. (2019). Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: A meta-analysis. Language and Cognition, 11(1), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.5
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., & Konijn, E. A. (2021). From The Daily Show to Last Week Tonight: A quantitative analysis of discursive integration in satirical television news. Journalism Studies, 22(9), 1181–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1929416
Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., & Konijn, E. A. (2023). Humor in satirical news headlines: Analyzing humor form and content, and their relations with audience engagement. Mass Communication and Society, 26(6), 963–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2144747
Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., & Steen, G. J. (2016). Figurative framing: Shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Communication Theory, 26(4), 410–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12096
Burgos, M., Politico, J., & Vergara, M. (2025). The use of humor, irony, and metaphors in everyday communication: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0610
Charteris-Black, J. (2009). Metaphor and political communication. In Metaphor and discourse (pp. 97–115). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594647_7
Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Metaphor in political discourse. In Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor (pp. 28–51). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230319899_2
Davis, J. L., Love, T. P., & Killen, G. (2018). Seriously funny: The political work of humor on social media. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3898–3916. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818762602
Droog, E., & Burgers, C. (2023). Metaphorical humor in satirical news shows: A content analysis. Metaphor and Symbol, 38(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2022.2160252
Droog, E., Burgers, C., & Steen, G. J. (2020). How satirists alternate between discursive modes: An introduction of the humoristic metaphors in satirical news (HMSN) typology. International Journal of Communication, 14.
Dugalich, N. M. (2018). Political cartoon as a genre of political discourse. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, 9(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2018-9-1-158-172
Fairclough, N. (2023). Critical discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 11–22). Routledge.
Forceville, C. (2024). Identifying and interpreting visual metaphors in political cartoons. Metaphor in Socio-Political Contexts: Current Crises, 54, 255. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111001364
Frosh, P. (2011). Framing pictures, picturing frames: Visual metaphors in political communications research. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 35(2), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859911410242
Fubara, S. J. (2020). A pragmatic analysis of the discourse of humour and irony in selected memes on social media. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 2(2), 76–95. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i2.281
Hellmann, O. (2023). Animated satire and collective memory: Reflecting on the American “history wars” with The Simpsons. HUMOR, 36(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2022-0131
Kfrerer, M. L., Bell, E., & Schermer, J. A. (2021). The politics of being funny: Humor styles, trait humorousness, and political orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 182, 111073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111073
Lee, H., & Kwak, N. (2016). The affect effect of political satire: Sarcastic humor, negative emotions, and political participation. In Entertainment media and politics (pp. 5–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.891133
Leymann, S., Lentz, T. O., & Burgers, C. (2022). Prosodic markers of satirical imitation. Humor, 35(4), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2021-0138
Mammadov, A., & Mammadov, M. (2014). The role of figurative language in political discourse. Stud. lang. cult. soc, 3, 113–127.
Mio, J. S. (2018). Metaphor, politics, and persuasion. In Metaphor (pp. 127–146). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789316-8
Mudiawati, R. C., Hudiyono, Y., & Suhatmady, B. (2023). Analisis wacana kritis Norman Fairclough terhadap bahasa slogan aksi demonstrasi guru di Samarinda. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(3), 739–762. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i3.694
Mushtaq, S., Sadia, H., & Baig, F. (2025). Between humor and harm: Political memes and their effects on youth’s political efficacy. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/2v62k225
Musolff, A. (2017). Metaphor, irony and sarcasm in public discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 109, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.12.010
Musolff, A. (2021). Hyperbole and emotionalisation: Escalation of pragmatic effects of proverb and metaphor in the “Brexit” debate. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 25(3), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-628-644
Musolff, A. (2022). “World-beating” pandemic responses: Ironical, sarcastic, and satirical use of war and competition metaphors in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metaphor and Symbol, 37(2), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932505
Pardede, P., Rasyid, Y., & Anwar, M. (2023). Manipulasi linguistik sebagai instrumen politik dalam Animal Farm: Sebuah analisis wacana kritis. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 6(2), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i2.605
Pettersson, K., Martikainen, J., Hakoköngäs, E., & Sakki, I. (2023). Female politicians as climate fools: Intertextual and multimodal constructions of misogyny disguised as humor in political communication. Political Psychology, 44(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12814
Piata, A. (2016). When metaphor becomes a joke: Metaphor journeys from political ads to internet memes. Journal of Pragmatics, 106, 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.10.003
Pinar-Sanz, M. J. (2020). Humour and intertextuality in Steve Bell’s political cartoons. The European Journal of Humour Research, 8(3), 16–39. https://doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2020.8.3.pinar-sanz
Putri, M. W., Oktoma, E., & Nursyamsu, R. (2016). Figurative language in English stand-up comedy. English Review: Journal of English Education, 5(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.25134/ERJEE.V5I1.396
Risnawati, E., Gunawan, W., Fatinova, D., & Mubarok, Y. (2024). Humor discourse structure: A political communication strategy. Scope: Journal of English Language Teaching, 9(1), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v9i1.23968
Rosita, F. Y., & Hastuti, D. P. (2025). Representasi perempuan dalam film Like & Share: Analisis wacana kritis Sara Mills. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 8(3), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v8i3.1275
Ross, A. S. (2020). Discursive delegitimisation in metaphorical #secondcivilwarletters: An analysis of a collective Twitter hashtag response. Critical Discourse Studies, 17(5), 510–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1661861
Salsabila, B. V., & Simatupang, E. C. (2021). Satir on the political meme of President Donald Trump: A semantic. English Journal Literacy Utama, 5(1), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.33197/ejlutama.vol5.iss2.2021.137
Schoor, C. (2015). Political metaphor, a matter of purposeful style: On the rational, emotional and strategic purposes of political metaphor. Metaphor and the Social World, 5(1), 82–101. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.5.1.05sch
Sedgwick, C. (2024). Comedy, diversity and the hegemonic comedian. In Inequality in contemporary stand-up comedy in the UK (pp. 27–42). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55932-7_2
Senkbeil, K. (2017). Figurative language in intercultural communication–A case study of German-Southern African international academic discourse. Intercultural Pragmatics, 14(4), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2017-0022
Shao, L., & Liu, D. (2019). The road to cynicism: The political consequences of online satire exposure in China. Political Studies, 67(2), 517–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718791373
Silaški, N., & Đurović, T. (2019). The journey metaphor in Brexit-related political cartoons. Discourse, Context & Media, 31, 100318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100318
Skalicky, S. (2019). Investigating satirical discourse processing and comprehension: The role of cognitive, demographic, and pragmatic features. Language and Cognition, 11(3), 499–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.30
Sujoko, A. (2020). Satirical political communication 2019 Indonesia’s presidential election on social media. Informasi, 50(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v50i1.30174
Sunarso, S., Setiawan, B., & Anjani, N. P. P. S. (2022). The political satire of Mojok. co in the 2019 Indonesian election. Heliyon, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10018
Tameryan, T. Y., Zheltukhina, M. R., Slyshkin, G. G., Abakumova, O. B., Volskaya, N. N., & Nikolaeva, A. V. (2018). Metaphor in political media discourse: Mental political leader portrait. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 8(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.12973/ojcmt/3958
Tolulope Abisodun Oluremi. (2019). Pragmeme of political humour in selected Nigerian political cartoons. Journal of Language and Education, 5(4), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2019.9682
Toscano, G. B., & Fernández-Villanueva, C. (2025). “Funny weapons”: The norms of humour in the construction of far-right political polarisation. Social Inclusion, 13. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.10211
Weitzel, L., Prati, R. C., & Aguiar, R. F. (2016). The comprehension of figurative language: What is the influence of irony and sarcasm on NLP techniques? In Sentiment analysis and ontology engineering: An environment of computational intelligence (pp. 49–74). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30319-2_3
Yap, F. H., Chan, A. S. L., & Wai, B. L. M. (2017). Constructing political identities through characterization metaphor, humor and sarcasm: An analysis of the 2012 Legislative Council Election Debates in Hong Kong. In Not just a laughing matter: Interdisciplinary approaches to political humor in China (pp. 147–167). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4960-6_9
Young, D. G., Bagozzi, B. E., Goldring, A., Poulsen, S., & Drouin, E. (2019). Psychology, political ideology, and humor appreciation: Why is satire so liberal?. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000157
Zappavigna, M. (2022). Social media quotation practices and ambient affiliation: Weaponising ironic quotation for humorous ridicule in political discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 191, 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.12.003