Representation of Indonesian social and cultural ideology in the book Sahabatku Indonesia BIPA 2: A critical linguistic study Representasi ideologi sosial dan budaya Indonesia dalam buku “Sahabatku Indonesia BIPA 2”: Kajian linguistik kritis
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Abstract
This study aims to describe how Indonesian social and cultural ideologies are linguistically represented in the Sahabatku Indonesia BIPA 2 textbook through a Critical Linguistics perspective. The ideological dimension in textbooks, particularly how social, moral, and national values are constructed through language choices, has rarely been studied in depth, necessitating an analysis capable of uncovering the role of language as a means of representing symbolic power in textbooks. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the Critical Linguistics analytical framework developed by Fowler. Data were obtained from reading texts, dialogues, and exercises in each learning unit and then analyzed at three levels: lexical choice, syntactic structure, and ideological discourse forms. The results show that this textbook consistently represents national values such as mutual cooperation, social harmony, cleanliness, modernity, and cultural nationalism. These values are conveyed through evaluative vocabulary choices, simple declarative and imperative sentences, and narratives that frame Indonesia as a developed, harmonious, and morally sound nation. This finding confirms that BIPA textbooks play a dual role: as a pedagogical tool and a cultural diplomacy tool that strengthens Indonesia’s image in the eyes of the international community.
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Muzaki, H., Santoso, A., Martutik, M., Isnaeni, A., Kusumawardani, A. R., & Bello, I. M. (2026). Representation of Indonesian social and cultural ideology in the book Sahabatku Indonesia BIPA 2: A critical linguistic study. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 9(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v9i1.1515
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References
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Munishi, S. (2018). Language and ideology in the context of language policy of Albanian language. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 8(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2018-0023
Muzaki, H. (2021). Development of BIPA level 3 teaching materials based on Malang local culture. Jurnal Ilmiah SEMANTIKA, 2(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.46772/semantika.v2i02.379
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Muzaki, H., Susanto, G., Widyartono, D., Aksani, I., & Panich, P. (2024). Development of online Indonesian language teaching materials for foreign speakers for level 1 learners. Indonesian Language Education and Literature, 9(2), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.24235/ileal.v9i2.14287
Pérez-Leroux, A. T., Cuza, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). Clitic placement in Spanish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism, 14(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000234
Pérez-Serrano, M., Nogueroles-López, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2022). Effects of semantic clustering and repetition on incidental vocabulary learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 997951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997951
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Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Suyitno, I., Ismail, A., & Prastio, B. (2023). Representing and implementing moral values to foreign students in Indonesian textbooks for learners other than Indonesians. International Journal of Language Education, 1(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v1i1.36256
Puspitasari, A., Andayani, A., & Setyoningsih, T. (2024). Representasi budaya dan profil pelajar Pancasila di buku pelajaran bahasa Indonesia kelas VII. Bahtera: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 23(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.232.01
Putri, M. R., Praditasari, D., & Widyaningsih, L. (2024). Imperative speech acts on billboards and banners and their relevance to teaching materials in junior high school. Dalam H. J. Prayitno, Y. Sidiq, & N. Ishartono (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Education for All (ICEDUALL 2023) (Vol. 822, hlm. 254–265). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-226-2_21
Ravid, D., & Tolchinsky, L. (2002). Developing linguistic literacy: A comprehensive model. Journal of Child Language, 29(2), 417–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000902005111
Rockower, P. S. (2012). Recipes for gastrodiplomacy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2012.17
Roekhan, R., Suyitno, I., Andajani, K., & Martutik, M. (2024). Discursive practices instilling the peace values for foreign learners in the BIPA textbook. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 43(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v43i1.61663
Simpson, A. (2007). Language and national identity in Asia: A thematic introduction. Dalam A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and national identity in Asia (hlm. 1–30). Oxford University Press.
Sultan, Santoso, A., & Susanto, G. (2026). From ecology to ideology: How Indonesian textbooks frame environmental responsibility. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026270
Susanto, G., Muzaki, H., Saddhono, K. S., & Ermanto. (2024). Developing BIPA teaching materials containing East Java culture, Indonesia. Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 5(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.58256/842vbj33
Tatin, I. A. G., Triyono, S., Jacobs, G. M., Trett, S., Bangsa, A. A. S., & Zhu, C. (2024). An analysis of environmental education in Indonesian EFL elementary school textbooks. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 12(3), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.12n.3p.3
Tinkham, T. (1997). The effects of semantic and thematic clustering on the learning of second language vocabulary. Second Language Research, 13(2), 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1191/026765897672376469
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2011). Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ulum, Ö. G., & Köksal, D. (2019). Ideology and hegemony of English foreign language textbooks: Globally and locally written practices. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35809-9
Wang, D. (2016). Learning or becoming: Ideology and national identity in textbooks for international learners of Chinese. Cogent Education, 3(1), Article 1140361. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1140361
Waring, R. (1997). The negative effects of learning words in semantic sets: A replication. System, 25(2), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00013-4
Wendra, I. W., & Tantri, A. A. S. (2021). Representasi mewujudkan ideologi Pancasila dan prinsip Ajeg Bali pada tulisan opini terbitan surat kabar Bali Post. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 4(4), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i4.272
Yani, H. (2019). Harmony of multicultural community interaction. International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art, 9(3), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.35335/ijosea.v9i3.33
Yuhandra, M. G., Nugraha, T. C., & Lukman, F. (2024). Ideologi Al-Jazeera Arabic dalam wacana pemberitaan visi Saudi Muhammad bin Salman (analisis wacana model Fairclough). Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i1.808
Aryaningsih, M., Wardana, A., & Sheikh, K. S. (2024). Cooperation, mutual respect, and societal commitment: Meanings of gotong-royong in Indonesian social studies school-textbooks. International Journal of Social Learning (IJSL), 5(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijsl.v5i1.297
Cabral, Ó., Lavrador, L., Orduna, P., & Moreira, R. (2024). Gastronomy as a diplomatic tool: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 38, Article 101072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.101072
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Fitria, T. N. (2025). Integrating Indonesian cultural aspects in Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA) textbooks “Sahabatku Indonesia”. Anaphora: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v7i2.10819
Fowler, R. (2008). Linguistic criticism. Dalam The language and literature reader. Routledge.
Fowler, R. (2013). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press. Taylor and Francis.
Hua, X., Yu, Y., & Chan, T. F. (2025). A critical discourse study of cultural and national identity (re)construction in Taiwanese high school EFL textbooks. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 46(4), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2024.2412596
Ichijo, A. (2020). Food and nationalism: Gastronationalism revisited. Nationalities Papers, 48(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.104
Kraaijeveld, S. R., & Jamrozik, E. (2022). Moralization and mismoralization in public health. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 25(4), 655–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-022-10103-1
Kramsch, C. J. (2011). Language and culture. Oxford University Press.
Kred, A., & Rabab’ah, G. (2024). Ideology in the lexical choices of Mahir Nassim’s translation of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 11(1), Article 2366571. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2366571
Laluna, F. R., Suryadi, M., Waluyo, S., & Sahertian, M. K. B. (2024). Hubungan nilai budaya suku Batak dengan ideologi patriarki pada karakter pria dalam film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(2), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i2.970
Li, J., Boonwanna, T., & Chansanam, W. (2025). The representation of Xi Jinping in Chinese high school ideology and politics textbooks. Educational Process: International Journal, 15, 110–124. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.15.124
Munishi, S. (2018). Language and ideology in the context of language policy of Albanian language. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 8(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2018-0023
Muzaki, H. (2021). Development of BIPA level 3 teaching materials based on Malang local culture. Jurnal Ilmiah SEMANTIKA, 2(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.46772/semantika.v2i02.379
Muzaki, H. (2024). The development of online teaching materials for Indonesia foreign speaker level 5. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4431
Muzaki, H., Susanto, G., Widyartono, D., Aksani, I., & Panich, P. (2024). Development of online Indonesian language teaching materials for foreign speakers for level 1 learners. Indonesian Language Education and Literature, 9(2), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.24235/ileal.v9i2.14287
Pérez-Leroux, A. T., Cuza, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). Clitic placement in Spanish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism, 14(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000234
Pérez-Serrano, M., Nogueroles-López, M., & Duñabeitia, J. A. (2022). Effects of semantic clustering and repetition on incidental vocabulary learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 997951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997951
Pontoh, J. Y., Simanjuntak, T. R., & Seba, R. O. C. (2024). Soft diplomacy efforts through the BIPA program from Educational and Cultural Attaché (Atdikbud) in Manila to improve bilateral relations between the Philippines and Indonesia in 2021-2023. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 11(4), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v11i4.5592
Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Suyitno, I., Ismail, A., & Prastio, B. (2023). Representing and implementing moral values to foreign students in Indonesian textbooks for learners other than Indonesians. International Journal of Language Education, 1(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v1i1.36256
Puspitasari, A., Andayani, A., & Setyoningsih, T. (2024). Representasi budaya dan profil pelajar Pancasila di buku pelajaran bahasa Indonesia kelas VII. Bahtera: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 23(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.232.01
Putri, M. R., Praditasari, D., & Widyaningsih, L. (2024). Imperative speech acts on billboards and banners and their relevance to teaching materials in junior high school. Dalam H. J. Prayitno, Y. Sidiq, & N. Ishartono (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Education for All (ICEDUALL 2023) (Vol. 822, hlm. 254–265). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-226-2_21
Ravid, D., & Tolchinsky, L. (2002). Developing linguistic literacy: A comprehensive model. Journal of Child Language, 29(2), 417–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000902005111
Rockower, P. S. (2012). Recipes for gastrodiplomacy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2012.17
Roekhan, R., Suyitno, I., Andajani, K., & Martutik, M. (2024). Discursive practices instilling the peace values for foreign learners in the BIPA textbook. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 43(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v43i1.61663
Simpson, A. (2007). Language and national identity in Asia: A thematic introduction. Dalam A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and national identity in Asia (hlm. 1–30). Oxford University Press.
Sultan, Santoso, A., & Susanto, G. (2026). From ecology to ideology: How Indonesian textbooks frame environmental responsibility. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026270
Susanto, G., Muzaki, H., Saddhono, K. S., & Ermanto. (2024). Developing BIPA teaching materials containing East Java culture, Indonesia. Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 5(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.58256/842vbj33
Tatin, I. A. G., Triyono, S., Jacobs, G. M., Trett, S., Bangsa, A. A. S., & Zhu, C. (2024). An analysis of environmental education in Indonesian EFL elementary school textbooks. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 12(3), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.12n.3p.3
Tinkham, T. (1997). The effects of semantic and thematic clustering on the learning of second language vocabulary. Second Language Research, 13(2), 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1191/026765897672376469
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2011). Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ulum, Ö. G., & Köksal, D. (2019). Ideology and hegemony of English foreign language textbooks: Globally and locally written practices. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35809-9
Wang, D. (2016). Learning or becoming: Ideology and national identity in textbooks for international learners of Chinese. Cogent Education, 3(1), Article 1140361. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1140361
Waring, R. (1997). The negative effects of learning words in semantic sets: A replication. System, 25(2), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00013-4
Wendra, I. W., & Tantri, A. A. S. (2021). Representasi mewujudkan ideologi Pancasila dan prinsip Ajeg Bali pada tulisan opini terbitan surat kabar Bali Post. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 4(4), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i4.272
Yani, H. (2019). Harmony of multicultural community interaction. International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art, 9(3), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.35335/ijosea.v9i3.33
Yuhandra, M. G., Nugraha, T. C., & Lukman, F. (2024). Ideologi Al-Jazeera Arabic dalam wacana pemberitaan visi Saudi Muhammad bin Salman (analisis wacana model Fairclough). Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 7(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i1.808