Cerpen-cerpen Lekra (1950—1965) sebagai strategi perjuangan politik PKI Lekra’s short stories (1950—1965) as a strategy for the political struggle of the PKI
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Published:
Nov 2, 2023
Keywords:
literature, Lekra, PKI, Harian Rakjat
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Abstract
This study aims to reveal the contents and objectives contained in Lekra's short stories, which were published in Harian Rakjat in 1950–1965. The data source for this research is in the form of short stories: Paman by L.S. Retno, Gambar Pemimpin by Saibun, Kebangunan di Kota Bengawan by Namikakanda, and Loper by Putu Oka. This research is qualitative, using library research methods. The results of the study show that these short stories are loaded with political interests of the PKI as part of the PKI's struggle to influence the masses so that the PKI succeeds in the political competition in Indonesia in 1950–1965. In addition, these short stories show that there is a close relationship between literature (Lekra), politics (PKI), and the media (Harian Rakjat). From this relationship, literature and the media at that time were under political control. Lekra as a cultural institution in Indonesia became a political tool for the PKI to influence the ideology of readers and its supporters, and the Harian Rakjat was used by the PKI as a medium for spreading it. Basically, both Lekra and Harian Rakjat were tools for realising PKI politics, and both were in positions facilitated by the PKI.
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Junaidi, A. S., Wasono, S., & Zulyeno, B. (2023). Cerpen-cerpen Lekra (1950—1965) sebagai strategi perjuangan politik PKI. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 6(4), 1055-1070. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i4.789
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Rakhmanto, B. (2018). Harian Rakjat “Mengangkat” Suara Dari Bawah: Rubrik Asmu Menjawab Dalam Memberitakan Suara Petani Terkait Kasus Landreform 1961-1965. IHiS (Indonesian Historical Studies), 2(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v2i1.3201
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Rusdi. (1997). Partai Sosialis Indonesia dan Peranan Kepolitikannya 1948-1960. Universitas Indonesia.
Saibun. (2008). Gambar Pemimpin. In R. D. A. Yuliantri & M. M. Dahlan (Eds.), Laporan dari Bawah, Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Setiadi, D., Priyatna, A., & Rahayu, L. M. (2023). The Portrayal of Women in the Works of Sugiarti Siswadi as the Manifestation of Lekra and Gerwani Ideology. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 31(2), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.31.2.04.
Siregar, I. F. (2011). Dinamika Demokrasi di Indonesia Masa Orde Lama: Studi Kasus antara Sukarno Versus Masyumi. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 21(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v21i1.1026.
Soekarno. (1965). Subur, Subur, Suburlah PKI. In Jajasan Pembaruan.
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Susilawati, E., Rahayu, I., Salsabila, A. H., & Bahtiar, A. (2022). Realisme Sosial dalam Potret Seorang Komunis Karya Sabar Anantaguna. Stilistika: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 15(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.30651/st.v15i1.8706
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Wellek, R., & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of Literature. Harcourt, Brace & World.
White, B. (2016). Remembering the Indonesian Peasants’ Front and Plantation Workers’ Union (1945–1966). The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1101069
Widariyanti, C. (2022). Eksistensi Lekra dalam Pusaran Manifesto Kebudayaan Demokrasi Terpimpin. ISTORIA Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sejarah, 18(1), 1–17. http://doi.org//10.21831/istoria.v16i1.31408
Wieringa, S. (2003). The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism. Journal of Women’s History, 15(1), 70–91. http://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0039
Wulandari, I. (2016). Konflik Pelaksanaan Land Reform Tahun 1960-1965 Pada Kumpulan Cerpen Laporan Dari Bawah “Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965” [Universitas Brawijaya]. http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/102438/
Yuliantri, R. D. A. (2021). Jajasan “Pembaruan”: Propaganda discourse through its printed products. Informasi, 51(1), 27–44. http://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v51i1.32778.27-44
Yuliantri, R. D. A., Dahlan, M. M., & Rakyat, L. K. (2008). Laporan dari bawah: sehimpunan cerita pendek Lekra : Harian Rakjat, 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Zulfikar, M. F., Saryono, D., & Syahri, M. (2021). Bentuk Resistensi Terbuka Kaum Tani dan Buruh dalam Cerpen-Cerpen Sastrawan Lekra di Koran Harian Rakjat. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan, 6(9), 1384–1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v6i9.14984
Aidit, D. N. (1954). Kongres Nasional Ke-V Partai Komunis Indonesia.
Aidit, D. N. (1964). Dengan Sastra dan Seni jang Berkepribadian Nasional Mengabdi Buruh: Tani dan Pradjurit. (Pokok2 Referat Dihadapan Konfernas Sastra dan Seni Revolusioner di Djakarta, diutjapkan tgl. 28 Agustus 1964). Jajasan Pembaruan.
Argenti, G. (2017). Kiprah Politik Partai Sosialis Indonesia. Jurnal Politikom Indonesiana, 2(1), 1–14. https://journal.unsika.ac.id/index.php/politikomindonesiana/article/view/935
Artika, I. (2017). Bahasa Daerah dan Ideologi Kerakyatan: Puisi dan Musik Lekra (1950—1965). Seminar Nasional Bahasa Ibu X, 54–71.
Artika, I. W. (2014). Representasi Ideologi dalam Sastra Lekra: Kajian New Historicism Antologi Gugur Merah dan Laporan dari Bawah [Universitas Udayana].
Artika, I. W. (2016). Lima Cerpen Propaganda Lekra (1950—1965). Aksara, 28(2), 129–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v28i2.126.129-142
Bathoro, A. (2018). Redupnya Peran Politik Islam di Masa Demokrasi Terpimpin (Studi Kasus Pembubaran Masyumi oleh Presiden Soekarno). Kemudi: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2(2), 24–41. https://ojs.umrah.ac.id/index.php/kemudi/article/view/757
Bodden, M. (2018). Lekra Woodcuts in the Early 1960s: Socialist Realism, National Culture, and Cosmopolitan Patriots. Indonesia, 106(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2018.0013
Firdausi, F. A. (2017). Njoto: Biografi Pemikiran 1951-1965. Marjin Kiri.
Foulcher, K. (1986). Social Commitment in Literature and the Arts: The Indonesian “Institute of People’s Culture” 1950—1965. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Foulcher, K. (1987). Politics and literature in independent Indonesia: The view from the left. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 83–103. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24491635
Foulcher, K. (2012). Bringing the World Back Home Cultural Traffic in Konfrontasi, 1954-1960. In Heirs to World Culture (pp. 29–56). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253513_003
Groves, K. W. (1983). Harian Rakjat, Daily Newspaper of the Communist Party of Indonesia: Its History and Role. The Australian National University.
Heinschke, M. (1996). Between Gelanggang and Lekra: Pramoedya’s Developing Literary Concepts. Indonesia, 61, 145–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/3351367
Hindley, D. (1988). Social Commitment in Literature and the Arts: The Indonesian “Institute of People’s Culture” 1950–1965. By Keith Foulcher. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986. vi, 234 pp. $8.00. The Journal of Asian Studies, 47(2), https://doi.org/10.2307/2056243
Jabrohim, E. (2001). Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Jakarta: Hanindita.
Mortimer, R. (2006). Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideology And Politics, 1959-1965. Equinox Publishing.
Namikakanda. (2008). Kebangunan di Kota Bengawan. In R. D. A. Yuliantri & M. M. Dahlan (Eds.), Laporan dari Bawah, Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Nimat, M. (2009). Gerakan Perempuan di Indonesia 1950—1965: Studi Kasus Gerwani. [Universitas Sanata Dharma]. https://repository.usd.ac.id/27430/
Niwandhono, P. (2021). The Making of Modern Indonesian Intellectuals: The Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) and Democratic Socialist Ideas, 1930s to mid-1970s. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27770
Novitasari, S. A. W., & Utama, M. P. (2020). Dari Realitet Nasi ke Realisme Sosialis: Tema Kerakyatan dalam Seni Rupa Modern Indonesia Masa Persatuan Ahli Gambar Indonesia dan Lembaga Seni Rupa Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat. Historiografi, 1(1), 71–80. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/historiografi/article/view/27887
Oka, P. (2008). Loper. In R. D. A. Yuliantri & M. M. Dahlan (Eds.), Laporan dari Bawah, Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo. (2014). Lekra dan Geger 1965. PT Gramedia.
Rakhmanto, B. (2018). Harian Rakjat “Mengangkat” Suara Dari Bawah: Rubrik Asmu Menjawab Dalam Memberitakan Suara Petani Terkait Kasus Landreform 1961-1965. IHiS (Indonesian Historical Studies), 2(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v2i1.3201
Ratna, N. K. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian: Kajian Budaya dan Ilmu Sosial Humaniora pada Umumnya. Pustaka Pelajar.
Retno, L. S. (2008). Paman. In R. D. A. Yuliantri & M. M. Dahlan (Eds.), Laporan dari Bawah: Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra: Harian Rakjat, 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Ricklefs, M. C. (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200. Stanford University Press.
Rizky, P. (2018). Surat Kabar Harian Rakjat sebagai Sarana Kampanye Politik Partai Komunis Indonesia Tahun 1951-1955 [Universitas Sebelas Maret]. https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/62380/Surat-Kabar-Harian-Rakjat-sebagai-Sarana-Kampanye-Politik-Partai-Komunis-Indonesia-Tahun-1951-1955
Rosidi, A. (2015). Lekra Bagian dari PKI. Dunia Pustaka Jaya.
Rusdi. (1997). Partai Sosialis Indonesia dan Peranan Kepolitikannya 1948-1960. Universitas Indonesia.
Saibun. (2008). Gambar Pemimpin. In R. D. A. Yuliantri & M. M. Dahlan (Eds.), Laporan dari Bawah, Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Setiadi, D., Priyatna, A., & Rahayu, L. M. (2023). The Portrayal of Women in the Works of Sugiarti Siswadi as the Manifestation of Lekra and Gerwani Ideology. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 31(2), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.31.2.04.
Siregar, I. F. (2011). Dinamika Demokrasi di Indonesia Masa Orde Lama: Studi Kasus antara Sukarno Versus Masyumi. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 21(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v21i1.1026.
Soekarno. (1965). Subur, Subur, Suburlah PKI. In Jajasan Pembaruan.
Susanto, D. (2018). Lekra, Lesbumi, Manifes Kebudayaan: sejarah sastra Indonesia periode 1950—1965. CAPS (Centre for Academic Publishing Service).
Susilawati, E., Rahayu, I., Salsabila, A. H., & Bahtiar, A. (2022). Realisme Sosial dalam Potret Seorang Komunis Karya Sabar Anantaguna. Stilistika: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 15(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.30651/st.v15i1.8706
Teeuw, A. (1991). Social Commitment in Literature and the Arts: The Indonesian ‘Institute of People’s Culture’ 1950—1965. In Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (pp. 542–544). https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864291
Toer, P. A. (2003). Realisme-sosialis dan Sastra Indonesia. Lentera Dipantara.
Vermeij, E. (2022). Pemuda Rakyat. International Institute of Social History. https://iisg.amsterdam/en/blog/pemuda-rakyat
Wellek, R., & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of Literature. Harcourt, Brace & World.
White, B. (2016). Remembering the Indonesian Peasants’ Front and Plantation Workers’ Union (1945–1966). The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1101069
Widariyanti, C. (2022). Eksistensi Lekra dalam Pusaran Manifesto Kebudayaan Demokrasi Terpimpin. ISTORIA Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sejarah, 18(1), 1–17. http://doi.org//10.21831/istoria.v16i1.31408
Wieringa, S. (2003). The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism. Journal of Women’s History, 15(1), 70–91. http://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0039
Wulandari, I. (2016). Konflik Pelaksanaan Land Reform Tahun 1960-1965 Pada Kumpulan Cerpen Laporan Dari Bawah “Sehimpunan Cerita Pendek Lekra Harian Rakjat 1950—1965” [Universitas Brawijaya]. http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/102438/
Yuliantri, R. D. A. (2021). Jajasan “Pembaruan”: Propaganda discourse through its printed products. Informasi, 51(1), 27–44. http://doi.org/10.21831/informasi.v51i1.32778.27-44
Yuliantri, R. D. A., Dahlan, M. M., & Rakyat, L. K. (2008). Laporan dari bawah: sehimpunan cerita pendek Lekra : Harian Rakjat, 1950—1965. Merakesumba.
Zulfikar, M. F., Saryono, D., & Syahri, M. (2021). Bentuk Resistensi Terbuka Kaum Tani dan Buruh dalam Cerpen-Cerpen Sastrawan Lekra di Koran Harian Rakjat. Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan, 6(9), 1384–1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v6i9.14984