The use of turn taking in the 2020 US presidential debate: A conversation analysis study Penggunaan alih giliran bicara dalam debat calon presiden Amerika Serikat tahun 2020: kajian analisis percakapan
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Published:
Sep 2, 2024
Keywords:
conversation analysis, turn taking, turn allocation, presidential debate
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Abstract
The 2020 US presidential debate was a democratic practice held every four years. In the debate, each debater used turn taking strategies. This research focuses on the uses of turn taking strategies and their types dominantly produced by the debaters in the debate. The strategies encompass taking, holding, and yielding the turn. Elaborating the strategy in depth is the aim of this research. Qualitative conversation analysis technique using turn-by-turn consideration was the used method. The utterances of the debaters were the data. The data source was a self-made transcription based on the video recording of the debate. Overlapping, interruption, repair, and other debater selection often occur in the debate through those strategies. Consequently, TRP frequently cannot be reached, and the usage of these strategies affects turn allocation. The results show that turn taking strategies were applied in the debate. Trump used taking the turn and yielding the turn as strategies. Meanwhile, Biden used holding the turn as his strategy. For future research, discussions on turn-taking subcategories in the scope of political debates and conversation analysis are expected to be conducted more.
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Aryanti, M. L., Yuliawati, S., Ekawati, D., & Darmayanti, N. (2024). The use of turn taking in the 2020 US presidential debate: A conversation analysis study. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 7(3), 511-520. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i4.981
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Tannen, D. (1994). Gender and Discourse. Oxford University Press.
Wu, Y., & Yang, S. (2022). Power plays in action formation: The TCU-final particle ba (吧) in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Discourse Studies, 24(4), 491–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456221099166
Benoit, W. L. (2007). Determinants of Defense in Presidential Debates. Communication Research Reports, 24(4), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090701624221
Benoit, W. L., Hansen, G. J., & Verser, R. M. (2003). A meta-analysis of the effects of viewing U.S. presidential debates. Communication Monographs, 70(4), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363775032000179133
Bilmes, J. (2014). Preference and the conversation analytic endeavor. Journal of Pragmatics, 64, 52–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.01.007
C-SPAN. (2020). First 2020 Presidential Debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden. Youtube; Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW1lY5jFNcQ
Caldwell, M., & Raclaw, J. (2023). ‘I just need a yes or no’: Managing resistant responses in U.S. Senate hearings. Discourse Studies, 25(5), 618–640. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456231159026
Carbó, T. (1992). Towards an Interpretation of Interruptions in Mexican Parliamentary Discourse (1920-60). Discourse & Society, 3(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926592003001002
Geoffrey, C. (2016). Performing Politics: Media Interviews, Debates and Press Conferences (1st ed.). Polity Press.
Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies (Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics). Cambridge University Press.
Habibi, F., Hidayat, D. N., & Alek, A. (2020). Turn Taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show “Ragu-Ragu Perpu” Episode: A Conversational Analysis. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 2(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i1.80-96
Have, P. ten. (2007). Doing Conversation Analysis (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208895
Hayashi, M. (2013). Turn Allocation and Turn Sharing. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The Handbook of Conversation Analysis (1st ed., pp. 196–213). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2013). The Conversation Analytic Approach to Transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The Handbook of Conversation Analysis (pp. 70–85). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices, and Applications (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
Kinasih, S. (2020, October 15). Mundurnya Kualitas Debat Capres Amerika. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/mundurnya-kualitas-debat-capres-amerika-f5Ss
Koivisto, A. (2019). Repair receipts: On their motivation and interactional import. Discourse Studies, 21(4), 398–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445619842737
Li, H. Z. (2001). Cooperative and Intrusive Interruptions in Inter- and Intracultural Dyadic Discourse. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20(3), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X01020003001
Li, M., & Jiang, T. (2023). Exerting power through interruptions: A case study of arbitrators’ discourses in Chinese Arbitral Tribunals. Discourse Studies, 26(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456231188501
Park, I., & Kline, J. (2020). Incomplete utterances as critical assessments. Discourse Studies, 22(4), 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445620914669
Phuong, C. T. H., & Tho, P. X. (2020). Turn-Taking Strategies Used in a New Zealand Radio Interview Programme and Pedagogical Implications in Language Classrooms. VNU Journal of Foreign Studies, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4474
Putra, P. P. (2024). Strategi Alih Tutur pada Gelar Wicara Mata Najwa Episode “Beres-Beres Kursi Menteri Kesehatan”: Kajian Analisis Percakapan. Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 12(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v12i1.127939
Rivai, N. T. (2019). Turn-Taking Strategies Produced by Male and Female Presenters in American TV Shows. Lexicon, 6(2), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.22146/lexicon.v6i2.54480
Rohmah, Z., & Suwandi, A. F. (2021). Donald Trump’s and Hillary Clinton’s Interruptions In Presidential Debates. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 8(1), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v8i1.2359
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735. https://doi.org/10.2307/412243
Sari, R., Karimah, S., & Latifah, N. (2023). Turn-Taking Strategies of Classroom Interaction Case Study. Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Media (AICOLLIM 2022), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-002-2_37
Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208
Schubert, C. (2019). ‘OK, well, first of all, let me say …’: Discursive uses of response initiators in US presidential primary debates. Discourse Studies, 21(4), 438–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445619842734
Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M. (2008). “Those Are Only Slogans.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 27(4), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X08322476
Sinaga, Y. K., Pangaribuan, M., & Saputra, N. (2021). Turn-Taking Strategies Analysis in Conversation between President Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy Youtube Channel. LingLit: Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature, 2(3), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.33258/linglit.v2i3.509
Stenstrom, A.-B. (2014). An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315845449
Taboada, M. (2022). Spontaneous and non-spontaneous turn-taking. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), 16(2–3), 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.16.2-3.04tab
Tannen, D. (1994). Gender and Discourse. Oxford University Press.
Wu, Y., & Yang, S. (2022). Power plays in action formation: The TCU-final particle ba (吧) in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Discourse Studies, 24(4), 491–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614456221099166